Comma After i.e. and e.g.

Comma After i.e. and e.g. Comma After i.e. and e.g. Comma After i.e. and e.g. By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know if the abbreviations i.e. and e.g. should be followed by a comma. i.e.: from the Latin phrase id est, â€Å"that is.† Used in English to restate a previous word or expression: â€Å"He really enjoys a good bildungsroman, i.e., coming-of-age novel.† e.g.: from the Latin phrase exempli gratia, â€Å"for the sake of the example.† In English, it means â€Å"for example† and is used to introduce one or more examples: â€Å"I like animals, e.g. dogs, cats, and horses.† The two terms are frequently mixed up. If you have trouble remembering which means â€Å"in other words† and which means â€Å"for example,† you can use a mnemonic to keep them apart, or you can avoid using them altogether. A simple mnemonic that helps many writers is the fact that the word example begins with the letter e. E.g., therefore, is the one that means â€Å"for example.† On the other hand, instead of e.g., you can write â€Å"for example,† and for i.e., you can write â€Å"namely† or â€Å"in other words.† Style guides do not agree on whether or not a comma should follow both these abbreviations. They do all agree that a comma precedes i.e. when the i.e. phrase occurs in a running text (i.e., not enclosed in parenthesis). The consensus seems to be in favor of the comma in American usage; against it in British usage. The Penguin Writer’s Manual (British) shows both i.e. and e.g. without a following comma. Fowler, in his venerable Modern English Usage, opines that â€Å"whether a comma follows [e.g.] or not is indifferent, or rather is decided by the punctuation-pitch of the writer of the passage. He says nothing of i.e. The Chicago Manual of Style states that i.e. and e.g. should be â€Å"confined to parentheses and notes and followed by a comma.† The AP Stylebook, whose â€Å"punctuation-pitch† leans generally to the side of â€Å"the fewer commas the better,† is pro-comma when it comes to i.e. and e.g. According to AP, both abbreviations are â€Å"always followed by a comma.† As with so many matters of punctuation, the writer’s best practice is to choose a style reference and follow its recommendations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†The Difference Between "will" and "shall"Apostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

The Internships That Let You Travel The World

The Internships That Let You Travel The World Most interns slave away in an office, 40 hours a week, filing and fetching coffee. Some travel the world. It isn’t the easiest sort of gig to find, but it is out there. Cruise the Seas for CashFor example, Royal Caribbean UK Ireland are currently searching for a summer intern- an Instagram user, age 21 or older, who wants to sail the seas this summer- on them! See Beijing, New York, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Barcelona†¦. And you’ll earn money:  £3,000, which is about $3,700.All you need to do is own a smartphone and have a demonstrable ability to â€Å"capture stunning views, extraordinary experiences, beautiful sunsets and amazing stories on social media†- and be savvy with all 23 filters.If this sounds like the job for you, you’d be looking at perks like water slides and ice cream buffets, not to mention swimming pools and tons of other free things.Get Paid to ChugIf you get seasick, however, you could consider another wildly exciting int ernship- this one drinking beer. World of Beer is looking for interns to travel the world and†¦ drink beer. Imagine a tour of the best beer-drinking cities in the world, and you sampling their finest wares.This internship actually pays $12,000. So you can make more than your roommate who’s working for Merrill Lynch for nothing. You’ll have to really really like beer, but if you have the requisite passion, you just might have it made.

Stock control and recording Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Stock control and recording - Literature review Example The following literature review includes the various books, articles and journals to explore the research topic of stock control and recording (Hart 2006). Operations management Operations management can be described as the area of management study that dealt with concepts of design engineering, management information system, industrial engineering, production management, quality management, accounting, and inventory management to facilitate the function of planning, scheduling, use and control of service organization as well as of manufacturing organization. In simpler terms, operations management is a process of converting inputs such as information, labor, material into the outputs in the form of goods and services. Also, in this process efforts are made to minimize the cost and maximize the net operating profit. Thus, highest level of efficiency is achieved by administration of business practices through operations management. Along with this, resources are acquired, developed an d utilized to achieve the organizational objectives (Shim and Siegel 1999). All functions of operation, tactical and strategic level are included in the range of the operational management. Thus, operations management includes the issues related with production scheduling and control, equipment maintenance policies, inventory management, traffic and material handling and quality control and inspection (Lewis and Slack 2003). Process mapping/flow charting/value stream mapping Process mapping is also known as flow charting, value stream mapping and process charting. It is a technique of converting business workflow and processes in to step-by-step diagram and visual. It has been complimented as one of the oldest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. This technique can provide best results if used by experienced facilitators. An existing process can be understood in a better manner as well as can be improved. Thus, the main benefit as well as the objective of the process mapping is improving the business result. The diagram of process mapping defines all the aspects related with organization like business of the organization, responsible people of the organization, what is the standard of the process and how success of a business determined (Bicheno and Elliot 1997). Thus, it clarifies all the requirements of the internal business process. Process mapping is important to get control over the organization as it helps in developing an understanding in the basic processes of business. In the procedure of process mapping, process map is achieved as output. Thus, it is the final diagram with all the shapes of arrows and ovals which depicts the process from beginning to end. Each action within a process is depicted by each shape. Creating a process map requires through understanding of every step within the process such as resources, inputs and outputs. Inputs are gathered from the employees who are closest to the process (Bettley, Mayle and Tantoush 2005 ). Along with this, other techniques are also used to gather the inputs or information like surveys, observation and brainstorming. Furthermore, there are different shapes which are used to form a process map. For example, a rectangle is used to represent action step, cylinder represents databases whereas parallelograms represents inputs and outputs (Madison 2005). Then, different steps are followed to construct a process map, which are as follows: Step 1: Determination of Boundaries which specifies where

The Dismantling of White Supremacy in the United States Essay - 1

The Dismantling of White Supremacy in the United States - Essay Example The awakening of the African-American community enhanced in the 1930s due to the economic crisis of 1929, which gave the opportunity for blacks to join whites inviting social reforms. During the 1930s, the NAACP organized a fierce legal battle against discrimination including segregation in public education. The Second World War was the occasion of major changes in the national and racial politics as whites were made ​​more aware of the danger of racist ideas. At the beginning of the war, the threat of a march in Washington by blacks, forced President Roosevelt to issue an executive order prohibiting racial discrimination in defense industries and government. The first step was taken against segregation in the northern states after the Second World War (considering the war effort of African Americans in the military).Racial segregation was fought by peace and non- peace activists for the civil rights of African Americans from the end of the Second World War until the passage of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. The initiation was done by a lady named â€Å"Rosa Parks†. She became famous when on 1 December 1955, in the city of Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to obey bus driver who asked her to leave her seat to a white and go sit in the back of the bus. She was arrested by the police, convicted but appealed the judgment (this is the famous case of the bus). She just gave a decisive impetus to the civil rights movement that will reveal a new leader. Martin Luther, while unknown, was launching a campaign of protest and boycott against the bus company would last more than one year. Federal courts finally declared segregation in transport as illegal: this victory was gained through non-violence activism and support of white liberals. Martin Luther King was one of the greatest orators and politicians and became the spokesman of the African-American community in the U.S. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, United

Disadvantages of Censorship Essay Example for Free

Disadvantages of Censorship Essay The censorship debate is a long one, and the numbers seem to be equally divided between both sides. Censorship exists in all forms of media, and far beyond it. Those against are not campaigning for a completely censorship free country, but just to minimise it to an extent where it is not such a predominant part of what we watch, hear and think. It would be impossible and unrealistic to believe that the country would be able to function properly without some control of the information leaked to the general public, but it is also a worrying prospect that we may not know as much as we think we do about the country we live in and the problems facing it. One example of the advantages of censorship is during World War II. It played a major part along with propaganda to maintain a positive atmosphere throughout England, as if all the gruesome details concerning the ever-increasing death rate, the awful state of the soldiers and the destruction of homes and buildings were openly shared, not only would the people of England lose the faith they once had in winning the war, but it would make the country much easier to beat. The army wouldnt have anything to prove, and the German spies closely monitoring the media would be able to pin-point the perfect places to destroy in order to bring morale to such a low that the English would have no choice but to surrender. But was this really justified? Didnt the people have a right to know the real condition other parts of the country were in? What gives the government the right to release incorrect statistics? This is the type of thing being debated about today. To what extent should free speech be limited? Would that even still count as free? What would have happened if an English soldier had been allowed to write home about the true glory of the war? His family would have obviously been horrified, and consequently told their friends and co-workers, warning them against sending their son to war. If this was wide-spread enough, there would have been a dramatic increase in the men avoiding conscription and a decrease in enthusiasm in joining, making it weaker and even more out-numbered by the opposing forces leading to almost definite defeat. But is this a reason enough to make this soldier lie? To subject thousands more men to a gruesome and possibly fatal ordeal? Does the ends really justify the means?

Outline Of The Constitution Of The Usa :: essays research papers

I. ARTICLE I-- CONGRESS A. Section 1. 1. Establishment B. Section 2. 1. House Membership and Qualifications a. selection and composition b. representation C. Section 3. 1. Senate Membership and Qualifications a. selection and compostion b. elections D. Section 4. 1. Congressional Elections E. Section 5. 1. Congressional Operation and Procedure a. elections b. rules c. records F. Section 6. 1. Congressional Employment, Compensation and Privileges a. the "speech and debate clause" G. Section 7. 1. Public Laws and Other Congressional Instruments a. bills for raising revenue b. the presidential "presentment clause" c. congressional voting records d. congressional orders, resolutions and votes H. Section 8. 1. Powers of Congress: a. raising revenue (tax, etc.) to pay debts and to provide for defense and general welfare b. borrowing money c. trade regulation (the "commerce clause") d. immigration and naturalization; bankruptcies e. currency; weights and measures f. counterfeiting punishment g. post offices h. intellectual property (copyrights, patents, etc.) i. the federal judiciary j. maritime and international law k. war l. military appropriations/armed forces m. naval forces n. rules for the government and military o. domestic security p. military governance and administration q. District of Columbia r. administration of the law (the "necessary and proper clause") I. Section 9. 1. Congressional Limitations includes: a. writs of habeas corpus b. population census and direct taxation c. appropriations d. accounting of public monies and expenditures J. Section 10. 1. State Limitations II. ARTICLE II-- THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH A. Section 1. 1. Establishment, Elections, Qualifications, Compensation a. the president b. the vice president c. electors B. Section 2. 1. Executive Powers a. commander in chief b. pardons and reprieves c. treaties and appointments C. Section 3. 1. Official Duties, Responsibilities and Privileges a. state of the union b. foreign relations D. Section 4. 1. Impeachment III. ARTICLE III-- THE JUDICIARY A. Section 1. 1. Establishment, Tenure and Compensation a. the Supreme Court b. inferior federal courts c. federal justices and judges B. Section 2. 1. Jurisdiction, Venue and Cases a. Supreme Court original and appellate jurisdiction; the "exceptions clause" b. criminal cases/trial by jury C. Section 3. 1. Treason IV. ARTICLE IV-- STATES A. Section 1. 1.

Media usage

I have attached a copy of my media log for the week of May 14-21, 2007. Over the last week, I spent: 3 hours and 25 minutes online, 90 minutes watching a DVD, 15 hours and 33 minutes watching television, 4 hours and 45 minutes reading, 1 hour and 13 minutes reading magazines, 17 minutes reading the local paper, and 1 hour and 21 minutes using Blackberry.   The log shows a marked preference for foreign media, with the possible exception of my Blackberry and the Toronto Star, which I use to keep up with friends and local events respectively.   Even though the Internet is used to accomplish everything from communications to entertainment, it is still strange that television places first in my personal â€Å"Most Popular Medium† contest. It is such an old form, first distributed widely in the 1950s.   Yet, I spend more time watching it, than e-mailing, checking on friends at Facebook, or watching news clips on CNN.   Perhaps it retains its popularity because of its versatility.   In Television Culture, we learn that â€Å"social change does occur, and television is a part of this movement†(Fiske, 45).  Ã‚   Because it keeps changing to keep up with the important issues of a particular time, television ensures its relevance and future existence. Up until now, I have not realized how much time I spent watching television—not unusual since many people from all walks of life lament the amount of time people spend on television.   I notice that I haven’t recorded any time listening to the radio, iPod, or a CD.   Maybe music has been pushed into the unconscious or we have come to the point where radio is no longer a medium of note.   With the advent of satellite radio, the mp3 player, podcasting, and Russian sites selling music at a fraction of the price, there would be little reason to maintain a radio, with the possible exception of warning the population if disaster strikes. The newspaper is also becoming more overlooked as people switch to CNN Online and her sister sites.   In order for newspapers to remain competitive, they need to take the focus off of world events and concentrate on covering the local area extensively.   Such close area coverage will never be found on an international news site such as BBC or CNN. While I spend a moderate amount of time on social sites like Facebook, it has not replaced telephone and in-person conversations.   While my weekly telephone/text conversations seem to pale in comparison to my online time, face-to-face interaction is preferred. The second most used medium in this study is the book—one of the earliest mediums for disseminating information in the world.   However, book sales today are the direct result of successful multi-media campaigns.   I’ve started reading The Secret by Rhonda Byrne—an Australian author with the grand ambition to change the world. She proposes to do this by putting together a panel of successful people to educate people about the power of thought; that one can make his dreams come true provided he avoids thinking about what he does not want.   Because more people favor television and Internet sources over books, the writers of The Secret produced a DVD, advertised on the Internet, magazines, and appeared on Oprah.   Because of this successful multi-media campaign, it had reached #1 on Amazon’s bestseller’s list.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Harry Potter Novels and other Law of Attraction clones are taking this approach to boost sales. It is important to keep up with the world at large and Canadian television imports many American shows such as the Oprah Winfrey Show, the Dr. Phil Show, The View, Girlfriends, and The Bachelor. With such wide exposure to American media, it is little wonder why Western Canadian and US culture are so similar. Works Cited Fiske, John. Television Culture. NY: Routledge,1987

Chapter 1 Payroll System Essay

Business may be understood as the organize efforts of enterprise to supply consumers with goods and services for a profit; they treat their customers right, so they will be able to experience meaningful way. They respect the clients, it creates the opportunity for them to resolve the problem or issue and make them comfortable. They provide excellent service and enthusiastically satisfaction to their clients. * Organizational structure PRESIDENT Provide leadership to position the company at the forefront of the industry. Develop a strategic plan to advance the company’s mission and objectives and to promote revenue, profitability, and growth as an organization. It oversees company operations to ensure the production efficiency, quality, service, and cost-effective management of resources. FIRM MANAGER Overall responsible for the Firm office, employees, and in monitoring all the Income and Expenses of the store under the firm. He is also responsible for leading or coordinating the strategic planning functions of the company. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGERS Responsible for managing the employees, supervises the activities of one or more functional areas within Human Resources Department, and provides consultation and technical direction within the assigned functional areas of Human Resources. HUMAN RESOURCES ADMINISTATION ASSITANT Responsible for the 201 files on the Rank and File employees and monitor the efficiency and attitude of all the employees under the Firm. * Existing System Overview A system analyst combines knowledge of information systems and business that will meet business needs. Individuals in this profession may come from a technical or business background. They often specialize in a particular business area such as financial, accounting, and scientific for which they have expertise. * Existing System Manpower * Existing System Outline * Existing System Flowchart * Statement of the Problem There can be human errors such as typographical mistakes; such mistakes that might lead to problems in the final tallying of the balance sheets. There can also be issues in accounting if the transactions are not updated on a daily basis. The accountant may forget to make entries of data of previous dates. * Project Objective/s The primary objective of any organization is to maximize profits and wealth attribution to the owners of the firm. The main objective of Human Resources Management is to manage the workers and employees in an enterprise in the best manner. Human Resources Management is to maintain effective communication with employees so that the management may be passed to the employees and the problems and grievances of workers may also be communicated to the management. * Significance of the Study 1. For the Company * Studying business allows you to understand strategy, marketing, finance, accounting, and managing people. By having an understanding of how these things work may find that you are better equipped to work in some jobs. Even if you don’t end up specifically working in one of those areas, it will help you to understand what other people working on. It also gives you credibility. 2. For Future Researcher 3. For the Proponents * Scope and Limitation This study is concentrated in First Integrated Repriorment Management and Consultancy, involving the Human Resources Department on how their payroll system goes and the process itself.

The Topic Can Be Proposed By The Writer Example

The Topic Can Be Proposed By The Writer Example The Topic Can Be Proposed By The Writer – Assignment Example Darco Transportation v. Elmer Dulen Darco Transportation v. Elmer Dulen Issue: Is Dulen en d to receive workers’ compensation after engaging in sex with his co-driver while driving a tractor-trailer rig across the railroad? Rule Statement: Workers Compensation law is the applicable rule of law in this case. An employee can seek compensation for injuries related to work provided that: (1) the injuries were sustained in the course of duty, and (2) the injuries arise from the employees’ employment (Mallor et al., 2013).Analysis: Workers’ Compensation law, for an employee to be entitled to workers’ compensation benefits the employee must have suffered his or her injuries while in the course of duty and the injuries must have occurred out of the employee’s employment. In the case, Dulen was an employee of Darco Transportation and suffered injuries from accident while in the course of duty, ferrying goods San Francisco. Dulen involved in the accident afte r malfunctioning of the railroad’s signal arm, leading to the track smashing by train, which killed Dulen’s co-driver. Clearly, the injuries suffered by Dulen were work related. Even though Dulen was found to engage in negligent act by having sex with his co-driver while on the road, he was maintaining his driver seat, thus did not abandon his work or responsibility at the time of the accident. The injury of the complainant was clearly tied to his employment and originated from risk intrinsic to the nature of his work or employment. Therefore, despite the fact that Dulen was engaging in inappropriate behavior during the time of accident, he was executing his mandated role as a driver and the cause of his injuries can be tied to the failure of the railroad protective arms.Conclusion: Dulen’s injuries were on-the-job injuries, thus he deserved workers’ compensation. The court ruled in Dulen’s favor because the injuries were established to be work-rel ated.ReferenceMallor, J. P., Bowers, L.T. and Barnes, A.J. (2013). Business law: The ethical, global, and e-commerce environment, 15th Ed. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Comparison Words Although, Whereas and Despite

Comparison Words Although, Whereas and Despite Comparison Words: Although, Whereas and Despite Academic writing often involves comparing and contrasting arguments or opinions. There are many words you can use for this, each with their own specific meanings. However, to ensure your written work is clear and compelling, it’s important to pick the right word for the occasion. In this post, we introduce three comparison words you might want to use: â€Å"although,† â€Å"whereas† and â€Å"despite.† Although (But) The term â€Å"although† is often a synonym for â€Å"but,† used when qualifying a statement or setting up a contrast: I own a car, although it is being repaired at the moment. Here, â€Å"although† is used to qualify my car ownership with its current unavailability. Since â€Å"although† is a subordinating conjunction, the independent clause (â€Å"I own a car†) and dependent clause (â€Å"it’s being repaired†) are separated with a comma. This also applies if â€Å"although† appears at the beginning of a sentence, where its equivalent of saying â€Å"in spite of the fact that†: Although I own a car, it is being repaired at the moment. Whereas (By Contrast) Another subordinating conjunction, â€Å"whereas† means â€Å"in contrast to† or â€Å"while at the same time.† It’s used for comparing two ideas, opinions or facts: I’m a big Black Sabbath fan, whereas Harry is more into Justin Bieber. In the above, â€Å"whereas† is used to highlight differing musical tastes. It can also be used at the start of a sentence to foreground the contrast: Whereas fossil fuels produce a lot of air pollution, solar energy is comparatively clean. Despite (Notwithstanding) The preposition â€Å"despite† means â€Å"regardless of† or â€Å"without being prevented by† and sets something up as unexpected or defying convention: Sheila ate her lunch outdoors despite the heavy rain. The term â€Å"despite† here implies Sheila’s decision to eat outside in the rain is surprising. Another alternative to â€Å"despite† is the phrase â€Å"in spite of†: In spite of problems during testing, we believe our results are conclusive. â€Å"Despite† is generally preferred in academic writing due to being more succinct, though â€Å"in spite of† can be used to avoid repetition.

Why Should Companies Based in the United States Outsource Parts of Research Paper

Why Should Companies Based in the United States Outsource Parts of their Business to Off-Shore Locations - Research Paper Example The nation’s international presence has not only facilitated the process of outsourcing for the companies in USA but also made them successful in the global market. There has been extensive debate on whether outsourcing is desirable or not and whether people are affected by it. There have been different views on it from people. The project explores the advantages that the US firms enjoy through outsourcing of activities. The advantages would be discussed in terms of the economic benefits brought about in the company in the long run. Economic Benefits to the Company and the U.S. economy in the long term The US organizations are generally seen to outsource activities to countries like India and China and have attained considerable success in capitalizing in these markets. India is considered to have extensive technical expertise, which is one of the factors why the size of the outsourcing sector is huge in the country. This helps the US firms to exploit the core competencies of the developing nations and use them in the company’s advantage. In addition to this among the outsourced countries, India also has a large pool of talent which has a strong command on the English language. This is accompanied with a strong base of technically skilled expertise (Whitfield & VanHorssen, 2008, p.2). Among the other key players in the field of outsourcing is Brazil, which provides a highly advanced technological infrastructure. Another option before the US companies is Russia which provides a huge pool of labor which is educated in the field of science. Their labor is also known for their strong delivery and process methodology. The nation is one of the most competent in the area of research and development. It has immense support of the government to develop its software skills and expertise (Whitfield & VanHorssen, 2008, p.2). Extensive research was conducted which indicates that both the industrialized and developing nations in the world could reap the gains f rom outsourcing of services. This would essentially mean efficiency gains from the point of view of the industrial nations via the opportunity of developing skills and expertise in areas in which they have competencies. According to the report presented by McKinsey Global Institute (2003), for every US $1, worth of outsourcing, USA gains $1.12 and the outsourced country gains $0.33 approximately. This fact shows the degree of gains that organizations can enjoy through the process of outsourcing. Most multinational companies have started outsourcing their service activities on a regular basis. This is done based on the ground that in case they do not outsource their services while their competitors continued to do so, they would lose the local and global markets to their foreign rivals. This is because it is felt that if they don’t outsource while their competitors continue to do so aggressively, they would be losing on the local and global market to the foreign rivals. This w ould be likely to result in low and stagnant profits which would result in low creation of investment and capital in technologies. The advantage of saving costs from outsourcing accounts for the most important value source for the organizations in US (Rajan & Srivastava, 2007, p.40). Global outsourcing is particularly effective in attaining advantages for developing nations of the world. There has been opening up of new employment opportunities, exports and growth of numerous of tradable services activities. Looking at a more dynamic picture, increase in the level of income by trade would simultaneously bring about creation of favorable feedback effects from the other

The Rise of Modern America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rise of Modern America - Essay Example Owing to these circumstances, the Caucasian populace was in a higher economical placement. However, they put effort, remain critical about their business approaches, and prompt their development. In a contrary analysis, the poor are depicted firstly, as simple-minded. This is because they derive satisfaction from small wages almost as though they are unaware of the exploitative mechanisms through which they earned said wages. Notably, the on the majority of the poor were black people because of the fact that they were on the receiving end of slavery. Riis illustrates them as being unaffiliated with religion. He insinuates that with the conditions under which they lived, no bearing within which to place faith in a higher power. He further on asserts that the poor were intelligent but had no opportunities accorded to them to prove their intellectual capacity. The authors’ perspectives are contradictory. The assessment of the poor man as per each author somewhat contradicts the n ext. Riss terms the poor man intelligent but devoid of opportunities whilst Harpers Monthly portrays them as being satisfied with small wages. In the latter, the insinuation is that the poor remain poor because they do not focus on the bigger picture. This is not a depiction of intelligence and hence contradicts Riis’s point. The democracy and new civilization that had come to America still bore no good for the poor man. This is because they were not entirely compensated for the injustice that put them in that position in the first place.